Dede Heri Yuli YantoBerusaha menjadi lebih baik

In recent years, problems the increases in urban land use, population, energy consumption, and vehicle use have caused greatly increased the environmental pollutions which affected to the change of air, water and soil quality. Pollutants that penetrated into environment are usually toxic, mutagenic, and persistent under normal condition. Among the pollutants, oil and asphalt is one of the harmful pollutants for human health because of the carcinogenic and persistent compounds in their fractions. The recent spill of more than 200,000 barrels of crude oil from the oil tanker Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska, as well as smaller spills in Texas, Rhode Island, Mexico, Brazil and the Delaware Bay has refocused attention on the problem of hydrocarbon contamination in the environment. It is estimated that the annual global input of petroleum is between 1.7 and 8.8 milion metric tons, the majority of which is derived from anthropogenic sources. In another case, Asphalt, formed as a residue in the distillation products from crude oil refineries and accumulated in refineries storage tank`s bottoms pose severe environmental problem because of its uses in asphalt industry for many purposes, such as for asphalt road; and the disposal practice of these materials. Asphalt is a complex mixture of many chemical compounds; the exact chemical composition of asphalt depends not only on the source of the petroleum crude oil from which it is derived but also on the method of its production. Asphalt is used for road paving, roofing tar, roll-roofing, roofing felt, shingles, pipe covering, floor tile, waterproofing, and many other products and processes. Its use will determine what other substances are blended with it and what health and safety hazards are associated with it. The use of asphalt as road pavement allows the diffusion of its particle which contains many harmful compounds to the near area. It was evidence for diffuse contamination of river sediments by road asphalt particles. Some PAHs undergo the aqueous leaching process from asphalt road in concentration above 0.1 ng/l, especially for the PAHs with 4 rings or less. In addition, deterioration of asphalt pavement as an anthropogenic factor, contributed to the entry of some hazardous materials such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs into the environment. Since these petroleum hydrocarbons release to environment, their contaminations to microorganisms in marine, soil, and sediment by petroleum hydrocarbons or all its fractions (aliphatic, aromatic, asphaltene, and NSO) become one factor that can be avoided. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by natural populations of microorganisms represents one of the primary mechanisms by which petroleum and other hydrocarbon pollutants are eliminated from the environment. However, the fate of these compounds under normal conditions is very slow, thus it is necessary to find best technique to enhance the degradation. Bioremediation and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon and asphalt by using fungi screened from nature highly expected to be a better approach to become the best alternative for reducing or degrade the toxic compounds in petroleum hydrocarbon and asphalt-contaminated site in comparison with other remediation technique. This type bioremediation, based on the biological mineralization of organic contaminants, is also a promising technology for the simultaneous removal of many organic compounds from contaminated systems. The advantages use of fungi specifically white-rot fungi over the use of indigenous bacteria living in poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated site is that the extracellular enzymes directly attack the PAH, whereas PAH-degrading bacteria have only intracellular enzymes. Furthermore, fungi are able to degrade high molecular weight PAH (4 and more rings), whereas most bacterial PAH degradation is limited to low molecular weight PAH. Bioremediation of contaminated site by fungi is also comparable better than the chemical/physical remediation technique because fungi bioremediation technique applicable to be used for degradation pollutants dealing with widespread pollution involving low concentrated pollutants (in situ and ex situ soil treatment), whereas chemical and physical remediation technique is not well recognized for this goal. Moreover, chemical and physical remediation technique can only apply in small area which concentrated pollutants. The expensive cost needed provided for the disadvantage of this technique which is the contaminated soil must be sent to institutions capable of treating pollutants.

The problems in bioremediation and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons are depend on the complexity of the petroleum components, physical and chemical nature of the oil and hence its susceptibility to microbial degradation and the contaminated site area that it is often petroleum contamination subjected to the marine environmental. Although the content of crude oil and asphalt little bit the same (they contain aliphatics, aromatics, resin and asphaltene), the exact composition of these materials is different. The different composition influenced what type of fungus can attack the compound. Therefore, although many microorganisms, particularly fungi have already been reported as crude oil degrader, the effort to find potential fungus in biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon and asphalt is important to be conducted. We screened potential petroleum degrader fungus from nature and examined the fungus under different stress condition like saline condition and sea shores.